Chainalysis: Web3 ownership of is surprisingly concentrated

The ownership of decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs), which manage Web3 projects, is surprisingly concentrated, according to a report by research firm Chainalysis.

Such DAOs are a staple of Web3, as founders invite community followers, users, and other stakeholders to get an ownership stake and a say in how Web3 projects are governed. But despite democratic principles, Chainalysis found fewer than 1% of all DAO holders have 90% of the voting power.

The internet-native and blockchain-based DAOs are intended to provide a new, democratized management structure for businesses, projects, and communities, in which any member can vote on organizational decisions just by buying into the project.

How DAOs work

DAO founders create a new cryptocurrency, known as a governance token. They distribute these tokens to users, backers, and other stakeholders. Each token corresponds to a set amount of voting power within the organization. Each token also corresponds to a price on the secondary market, where it can be bought and sold at will.

While this process is often described as a way to decentralize power, governance token data suggests that DAO ownership is highly concentrated, Chainalysis found. By analyzing the distribution of ten major DAOs’ governance tokens, it find that, on average, less than 1% of all holders have 90% of voting power.

This has meaningful implications for DAO governance. For example, if just a small portion of the top 1% of holders worked together, they could theoretically outvote the remaining 99% on any decision. This has obvious practical implications and, in terms of investor sentiment, likely affects whether small holders feel that they can meaningfully contribute to the proposal process.

The impact of high concentration on DAO governance

Where DAO contributions come from

Governance token holders have three key governance actions. Voting is simple — any holder can do it. But what about creating a proposal? And what about passing it?

Per these 10 DAOs proposal requirements, Chainalysis found a user must hold between 0.1% and 1% of the outstanding token supply to create a proposal. A user must hold between 1% and 4% to pass it.

Using these ranges as lower and upper bounds, the researchers found that between one in 1,000 and one in 10,000 of these ten DAOs’ holders have enough tokens to create a proposal.

Several tradeoffs are at play here. If too many holders can create a proposal, the average proposal’s quality may fall, and the DAO may be riddled with governance spam. But if too few can, the community may come to feel that “decentralized governance” rings false.

When it comes to single-handedly passing a proposal, between one in 10,000 and one in 30,000 holders have enough tokens to do so.

The Solana vote

A DAO vote on the Solana blockchain.

Overly concentrated voting power in DAOs can result in decision-making that seemingly contradicts the tenets of decentralization on which Web3 is built.

For instance, in June 2022, the DAO governing the Solana-based lending protocol Solend faced a problem: Solana’s price was dropping, and if it fell much further, the protocol’s biggest whale user would face a margin call that could render Solend insolvent and send roughly $20 million worth of Solana onto the market, potentially tanking the asset’s price and upending the entire Solana ecosystem.

The DAO called a vote to take control of the whale’s account and liquidate its position through OTC desks, rather than the open market, Chainalysis said.

The proposal passed easily, with over 1.1 million “yes” votes to 30,000 “no” votes. However, more than a million of those votes came from a single user with enormous governance token holdings. Without their vote, the motion wouldn’t have passed the 1% participation rate necessary for quorum.

The decision triggered a backlash from the cryptocurrency community, with many questioning how a platform could claim to be decentralized and then take control of a user’s funds against their will. Following this, the Solend DAO voted again to invalidate the proposal, and the whale user eventually began to unwind their position. While the crisis was averted in this case, it raises questions about the ability of a DAO to act in the best interest of all participants when some voters control such an outsized share of governance tokens.

How do DAOs govern, exactly?

Chainalysis found relatively few holders can make DAO proposals.

Actual governance processes vary enough from DAO to DAO. Uniswap serves as a good example.

Uniswap is a decentralized exchange (DEX), and, like many DeFi protocols, it is governed by a DAO.

Anyone who holds Uniswap’s governance token, UNI, is a member of this DAO. They can participate in governance by delegating their voting rights to their own or another’s address, by publicizing their opinions, or by submitting their own proposal. The contents of these proposals vary widely: holders have recently voted on whether to finance a grant program, whether to integrate a new blockchain, and whether to reduce the governance proposal submission threshold, Chainalysis said.

But before someone can submit a proper proposal, their idea must pass the first two phases: temperature checks and consensus checks.

The temperature check ​​determines if sufficient community will exists to change the status quo. At the end of the two days, a majority vote with a 25,000 UNI yes-vote threshold wins. The consensus check establishes formal discussion around a potential proposal. At the end of five days, a majority vote with a 50,000 UNI yes-vote threshold wins.

If both checks pass, an official governance proposal can be put to a vote. Then, a seven-day deliberation period to discuss the merits of this proposal occurs on governance forums. If at the end of this period the proposal has at least 40 million yes-votes with no-votes as a minority, the proposal has passed and will be enacted after a two-day timelock.

Dream DAO Governance

Chainalysis studied how much stablecoin DAOs hold.

Not all DAOs function like Uniswap, but most at least run on similar infrastructure, using voting systems like Snapshot and chat servers like Discord, Chainalysis said. Dream DAO is no exception, though its mission and therefore its governance process is necessarily unique.

Dream DAO is an impact-oriented DAO created by the charity Civics Unplugged. It provides diverse Gen Zers globally with the training, funding, and community they need to use Web3 to improve humanity. Their governance process is run by holders of SkywalkerZ – NFTs that function as both governance tokens and fundraising incentives for anyone interested in donating to the program.

For every SkywalkerZ NFT purchased by a donor, a new SkywalkerZ is reserved for a future Gen Zer to join as a voting member, thereby receiving power in the DAO without needing to pay. The purchaser of the NFT can apply to join the DAO and become a voting member as well, or they can leave it to the Gen Z student they’ve sponsored — either way, the NFT is theirs to keep, Chainalysis said.

By removing financial barriers from the process of participating in DAO governance, Dream DAO empowers its target audience – future Gen Z leaders – to influence decision-making, immerse themselves in web3, and leverage blockchain technologies positively.

Where are DAOs most common and well-funded?

Concentration of DAO ownership.

DAOs span the entire length of Web3. They govern DeFi protocols like Uniswap ($UNI) and Sushi ($SUSHI). They also govern ocial clubs like Friends With Benefits ($FWB) and Bored Ape Yacht Club ($APE); grant-makers like Gitcoin ($GTC) and Seed Club ($CLUB); play-to-earn gaming guilds like Good Games Guild ($GGG) and Yield Guild Games ($YGG); NFT generators like Nouns (1 NFT = 1 vote); venture funds like MetaCartel and Orange DAO; charities like Big Green DAO and DreamDAO (1 SkywalkerZ = 1 vote); and virtual worlds like Decentraland ($MANA) and Sandbox ($SAND).

In terms of the number of DAOs and their treasury sizes, however, DeFi-related DAOs have a giant lead. The DeFi category accounts for 83% of all DAO treasury value held and 33% of all of the DAOs by count.

A large number of DAOs are focused on venture capital, infrastructure, and NFTs, suggesting that DAOs are appealing to investors, developers, and artists. Their on-chain treasuries, however, are relatively tiny, Chainalysis said.

The lines between these categories are blurry. Gaming DAOs often engage with NFTs, venture DAOs often provide funding to DeFi, and infrastructure DAOs support all of the above categories.

Even though DAOs vary in type and size, most of their on-chain treasuries hold similar cryptocurrencies, Chainalysis said. The most commonly held cryptocurrency is the stablecoin USD Coin (USDC), with over half of the 184 DAOs analyzed holding a balance of USDC, Chainalysis said.

However, stablecoins seldom account for a majority of an on-chain treasury’s value. On average, 85% of DAOs’ on-chain treasuries are stored in a single asset, and that asset is a stablecoin in only 23% of the DAOs studied.

These on-chain treasuries are roughly as volatile as Bitcoin. By assuming DAOs’ current holdings are their historical portfolios over the last year, Chainalysis said the average DAO with assets over $1 million has an annualized volatility of 82%, versus 69% for Bitcoin. The researchers also said the average DAO with assets over $1 million suffered a maximum drawdown of 51% over the past year, compared to Bitcoin’s drawdown of 72%.

DAO treasury values are also fairly correlated with Bitcoin price movements. Thirty-eight percent of on-chain DAO treasuries have correlations with Bitcoin that are between 0.5 and 1.00, Chainalysis said.

One of the most interesting areas of DAO treasury management that has yet to take off is in mergers and acquisitions (M&A), Chainalysis said. M&A makes sense for DAOs because it allows them to get into adjacent areas without having to develop internal tooling. As the DAO model matures, Chainalysis said. it expects M&A will become more commonplace.

DAOs have also been fairly limited in terms of the types of instruments they use and hold. For example, few DAOs to date have used loans or credit, perhaps due to their uncertain legal status. As DAOs mature, Chainalysis said we are likely to see more standardized regulations, management strategies, and reporting practices.

While Chainalysis doesn’t collect demographic data about DAO participants, it has some data about DAO contributors using blockchain data.

As one might expect, DAO participants are advanced users of cryptocurrency services. Only 17.9% of DAO treasury funds came from centralized services, while the remaining 82.1% originated at decentralized services. This suggests that most DAO contributors also engage with DeFi platforms and likely self-host their cryptocurrency.

The future of DAOs

DAO share ownership is concentrated in a small percentage of users.

As DAOs gain momentum, a cottage industry of tooling services and advocacy groups has emerged to help them grow and govern. Superdao streamlines DAO creation; Snapshot simplifies governance; and Coin Center advocates for the industry on Capitol Hill.

As they continue to expand, it will be interesting to see what they can accomplish, what they will become, and to what extent they will achieve their goal to decentralize the ownership of the internet, Chainalysis said. We will see plenty more examples in the future.