Viktor appeared nervous as masked Ukrainian security officers in full riot gear, camouflage and weapons pushed into his cluttered apartment in the northern city of Kharkiv. His hands trembled and he tried to cover his face.
The middle-aged man came to the attention of Ukraine's Security Service, the SBU, after what authorities said were his social media posts praising Russian President Vladimir Putin for "fighting with the Nazis," calling for regions to secede and labelling the national flag "a symbol of death."
"Yes, I supported [the Russian invasion of Ukraine] a lot. I'm sorry … I have already changed my mind," said Viktor, his trembling voice showing clear signs of duress in the presence of the Ukrainian security officers.
"Get your things and get dressed," an officer said before escorting him out of the apartment. The SBU did not reveal Viktor's last name, citing their investigation.
Viktor was one of nearly 400 people in the Kharkiv region alone who have been detained under anti-collaboration laws enacted quickly by Ukraine's parliament and signed by Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky after Russia's Feb. 24 invasion.
Tough sentences for collaborators
Offenders face up to 15 years in prison for collaborating with Russian forces, making public denials about Russian aggression or supporting Moscow. Anyone whose actions result in deaths could face life in prison.
"Accountability for collaboration is inevitable, and whether it will happen tomorrow or the day after tomorrow is another question," Zelensky said. "The most important thing is that justice will be served inevitably."
Although the Zelensky government has broad support — even among many Russian speakers — not all Ukrainians oppose Russia's invasion.
Support for Moscow is more common among some Russian-speaking residents of the Donbas, an industrial region in the east. An eight-year conflict there between Moscow-backed separatists and Ukrainian government forces had killed more than 14,000 people even before this year's invasion.
Some businesspeople, civic and state officials and members of the military are among those who have gone over to the Russian side, and Ukraine's State Bureau of Investigations said more than 200 criminal cases on collaboration have been opened. Zelensky has even stripped two SBU generals of their rank, accusing them of treason.
A "registry of collaborators" is being compiled and will be released to the public, said Oleksiy Danilov, head of Ukraine's Security Council. He refused to say how many people have been targeted nationwide.
Pro-Russian political parties banned
With martial law in place, authorities have banned 11 pro-Russian political parties, including the largest one that had 25 seats in the 450-member parliament — the Opposition Platform For Life, which was founded by Viktor Medvedchuk, a jailed oligarch with close ties to Putin.
Authorities say pro-Russian activists in southeastern Ukraine, the site of active fighting, are helping the invaders by acting as spotters to direct shelling.
"One of our key goals is to have no one stab our armed forces in the back," said Roman Dudin, head of the Kharkiv branch of the SBU in an interview with The Associated Press. He spoke in a dark basement where the SBU had to move its operations after its building in central Kharkiv was shelled.
The Kharkiv branch has been detaining people who support the invasion, call for secession and claim that Ukrainian forces are shelling their own cities.
A word with a loaded history
Allegations of collaborating with the enemy carry strong historic resonance in Ukraine.
During the Second World War, some in the region welcomed and even co-operated with invading forces from Nazi Germany after years of Stalinist repression that included the "Holodomor" — a man-made famine believed to have killed more than three million Ukrainians.
For years afterward, Soviet authorities cited the co-operation of some Ukrainian nationalists with the Nazis as a reason to demonize today's democratically elected leaders of Ukraine.
Human rights advocates know of "dozens" of detentions of pro-Russian activists in Kyiv alone since the new laws were passed, but how many have been targeted nationwide is unclear, said Volodymyr Yavorsky, co-ordinator at the Center for Civil Liberties, one of Ukraine's largest human rights groups.
"There is no complete data on the [entire] country, since it is all classified by the SBU," Yavorsky told AP.
"Ukrainian authorities are actively using the practice of Western countries, in particular the U.K., which imposed harsh restrictions on civic liberties in warring Northern Ireland. Some of those restrictions were deemed unjustified by human rights advocates, but others were justified, when people's lives were in danger," he said.
A person in Ukraine can be detained for up to 30 days without a court order, he said, and anti-terrorism legislation under martial law allows authorities not to tell defence attorneys about their clients being remanded.
Detainment strategy carries risks
The Ukrainian government knows the implications of detaining people over their opinions, including that it risks playing into Moscow's line that Kyiv is repressing Russian speakers.
But in wartime, officials say, freedom of speech is only part of the equation.
"The debate about the balance of national security and ensuring freedom of speech is endless," Foreign Minister Dmytro Kuleba told AP.
In the town of Bucha, which has become a symbol of horrific violence in the war, Mayor Anatoly Fedoruk said there were collaborators who gave invading troops the names and addresses of pro-Ukrainian activists and officials in the city outside Kyiv, with hundreds of civilians shot to death with their hands tied behind their backs or their bodies burned by Russian forces.
"I saw these execution lists, dictated by the traitors — the Russians knew in advance who they're going to, at what address, and who lives there," said Fedoruk, who found his own name on one of the lists.
"Of course, Ukrainian authorities will search for and punish these people."
